A – General Economics and Teaching

A10 – General Economics: General
A11 – Role of Economics; Role of Economists
A12 – Relation of Economics to Other Disciplines
A13 – Relation of Economics to Social Values
A14 – Sociology of Economics
A19 – General Economics: Other
A20 – Economic Education and Teaching of Economics: General
A21 – Economic Education and Teaching of Economics: Pre-college
A22 – Economic Education and Teaching of Economics: Undergraduate
A23 – Economic Education and Teaching of Economics: Graduate
A29 – Economic Education and Teaching of Economics: Other
A30 – Collective Works: General
A31 – Collected Writings of Individuals
A32 – Volumes
A33 – Handbooks
A39 – Collective Works: Other

B – History of Economic Thought, Methodology, and Heterodox Approaches

B00 – History of Economic Thought, Methodology, and Heterodox Approaches
B10 – History of Thought through 1925: General
B11 – History of Thought: Preclassical (Ancient, Medieval, Mercantilist, Physiocratic)
B12 – History of Thought: Classical (includes Adam Smith)
B13 – History of Thought: Neoclassical through 1925 (includes Austrian, Marshallian, Walrasian)
B14 – History of Thought through 1925: Socialist; Marxist
B15 – History of Thought through 1925: Historical; Institutional
B16 – History of Thought: Quantitative and Mathematical
B19 – History of Thought through 1925: Other
B20 – History of Thought since 1925: General
B21 – History of Thought: Microeconomics
B22 – History of Thought: Macroeconomics
B23 – History of Thought: Quantitative and Mathematical
B24 – History of Thought since 1925: Socialist; Marxist; Scraffian
B25 – History of Thought since 1925: Historical; Institutional; Evolutionary; Austrian
B29 – History of Thought since 1925: Other
B30 – History of Thought: Individuals: General
B31 – History of Thought: Individuals
B32 – Obituaries
B40 – Economic Methodology: General
B41 – Economic Methodology
B49 – Economic Methodology: Other
B50 – Current Heterodox Approaches: General
B51 – Current Heterodox Approaches: Socialist; Marxian; Sraffian
B52 – Current Heterodox Approaches: Institutional; Evolutionary
B53 – Current Heterodox Approaches: Austrian
B54 – Feminist Economics
B59 – Current Heterodox Approaches: Other

C – Mathematical and Quantitative Methods

C00 – Mathematical and Quantitative Methods: General
C01 – Econometrics
C02 – Mathematical Methods
C10 – Econometric and Statistical Methods: General
C11 – Bayesian Analysis
C12 – Hypothesis Testing
C13 – Estimation
C14 – Semiparametric and Nonparametric Methods
C15 – Simulation Methods
C19 – Econometric and Statistical Methods: Other
C20 – Single Equation Models; Single Variables: General
C21 – Single Equation Models; Single Variables: Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial Models; Treatment Effect Models; Quantile Regressions
C22 – Single Equation Models; Single Variables: Time-Series Models; Dynamic Quantile Regressions
C23 – Single Equation Models; Single Variables: Models with Panel Data
C24 – Single Equation Models; Single Variables: Truncated and Censored Models
C25 – Single Equation Models; Single Variables: Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models; Discrete Regressors
C29 – Single Equation Models; Single Variables: Other
C30 – Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models: General
C31 – Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models: Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial Models; Treatment Effect Models; Quantile Regressions
C32 – Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models: Time-Series Models; Dynamic Quantile Regressions
C33 – Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models: Models with Panel Data
C34 – Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models: Truncated and Censored Models
C35 – Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models: Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models; Discrete Regressors
C39 – Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models: Other
C40 – Econometric and Statistical Methods: Special Topics: General
C41 – Duration Analysis
C42 – Classificaton Discontinued 2008. See C83.
C43 – Index Numbers and Aggregation; leading indicators
C44 – Statistical Decision Theory; Operations Research
C45 – Neural Networks and Related Topics
C46 – Specific Distributions; Specific Statistics
C49 – Econometric and Statistical Methods: Special Topics: Other
C50 – Econometric Modeling: General
C51 – Model Construction and Estimation
C52 – Model Evaluation and Selection
C53 – Forecasting and Other Model Applications
C59 – Econometric Modeling: Other
C60 – Mathematical Methods and Programming: General
C61 – Optimization Techniques; Programming Models; Dynamic Analysis
C62 – Existence and Stability Conditions of Equilibrium
C63 – Computational Techniques; Simulation Modeling
C65 – Miscellaneous Mathematical Tools
C67 – Input-Output Models
C68 – Computable General Equilibrium Models
C69 – Mathematical Methods and Programming: Other
C70 – Game Theory and Bargaining Theory: General
C71 – Cooperative Games
C72 – Noncooperative Games
C73 – Stochastic and Dynamic Games; Evolutionary Games; Repeated Games
C78 – Bargaining Theory; Matching Theory
C79 – Game Theory and Bargaining Theory: Other
C80 – Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology; Computer Programs: General
C81 – Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Microeconomic Data
C82 – Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Macroeconomic Data
C83 – Survey Methods; Sampling Methods
C87 – Econometric Software
C88 – Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology; Computer Programs: Other Computer Software
C89 – Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology; Computer Programs: Other
C90 – Design of Experiments: General
C91 – Design of Experiments: Laboratory, Individual
C92 – Design of Experiments: Laboratory, Group Behavior
C93 – Field Experiments
C99 – Design of Experiments: Other

D – Microeconomics

D00 – Microeconomics: General
D01 – Microeconomic Behavior: Underlying Principles
D02 – Institutions: Design, Formation, and Operations
D03 – Behavioral Economics: Underlying Principles
D10 – Household Behavior: General
D11 – Consumer Economics: Theory
D12 – Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis
D13 – Household Production and Intrahousehold Allocation
D14 – Personal Finance
D18 – Consumer Protection
D19 – Household Behavior and Family Economics: Other
D20 – Production and Organizations: General
D21 – Firm Behavior
D23 – Organizational Behavior; Transaction Costs; Property Rights
D24 – Production; Cost; Capital and Total Factor Productivity; Capacity
D29 – Production and Organizations: Other
D30 – Distribution: General
D31 – Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
D33 – Factor Income Distribution
D39 – Distribution: Other
D40 – Market Structure and Pricing: General
D41 – Market Structure and Pricing: Perfect Competition
D42 – Market Structure and Pricing: Monopoly
D43 – Market Structure and Pricing: Oligopoly and Other Forms of Market Imperfection
D44 – Auctions
D45 – Rationing; Licensing
D46 – Value Theory
D49 – Market Structure and Pricing: Other
D50 – General Equilibrium and Disequilibrium: General
D51 – Exchange and Production Economies
D52 – Incomplete Markets
D53 – General Equilibrium and Disequilibrium: Financial Markets
D57 – General Equilibrium and Disequilibrium: Input-Output Tables and Analysis
D58 – Computable and Other Applied General Equilibrium Models
D59 – General Equilibrium and Disequilibrium: Other
D60 – Welfare Economics: General
D61 – Allocative Efficiency; Cost-Benefit Analysis
D62 – Externalities
D63 – Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement
D64 – Altruism
D69 – Welfare Economics: Other
D70 – Analysis of Collective Decision-Making: General
D71 – Social Choice; Clubs; Committees; Associations
D72 – Models of Political Processes: Rent-seeking, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior
D73 – Bureaucracy; Administrative Processes in Public Organizations; Corruption
D74 – Conflict; Conflict Resolution; Alliances
D78 – Positive Analysis of Policy-Making and Implementation
D79 – Analysis of Collective Decision-Making: Other
D80 – Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty: General
D81 – Criteria for Decision-Making under Risk and Uncertainty
D82 – Asymmetric and Private Information
D83 – Search; Learning; Information and Knowledge; Communication; Belief
D84 – Expectations; Speculations
D85 – Network Formation and Analysis: Theory
D86 – Economics of Contract: Theory
D87 – Neuroeconomics
D89 – Information and Uncertainty: Other
D90 – Intertemporal Choice and Growth: General
D91 – Intertemporal Consumer Choice; Life Cycle Models and Saving
D92 – Intertemporal Firm Choice and Growth, Investment, or Financing
D99 – Intertemporal Choice and Growth: Other

E – Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics

E00 – Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics: General
E01 – Measurement and Data on National Income and Product Accounts and Wealth
E02 – Institutions and the Macroeconomy
E10 – General Aggregative Models: General
E11 – General Aggregative Models: Marxian; Sraffian; Institutional; Evolutionary
E12 – General Aggregative Models: Keynes; Keynesian; Post-Keynesian
E13 – General Aggregative Models: Neoclassical
E17 – General Aggregative Models: Forecasting and Simulation
E19 – General Aggregative Models: Other
E20 – Macroeconomics: Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment: General (includes Measurement and Data)
E21 – Macroeconomics: Consumption; Saving; Wealth
E22 – Capital; Investment; Capacity
E23 – Macroeconomics: Production
E24 – Employment; Unemployment; Wages; Intergenerational Income Distribution; Aggregate Human Capital
E25 – Aggregate Factor Income Distribution
E26 – Informal Economy; Underground Economy
E27 – Macroeconomics: Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment: Forecasting and Simulation
E29 – Macroeconomics: Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment and Investment: Other
E30 – Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles: General (includes Measurement and Data)
E31 – Price Level; Inflation; Deflation
E32 – Business Fluctuations; Cycles
E37 – Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles: Forecasting and Simulation
E39 – Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles: Other
E40 – Money and Interest Rates: General
E41 – Demand for Money
E42 – Monetary Systems; Standards; Regimes; Government and the Monetary System; Payment Systems
E43 – Determination of Interest Rates; Term Structure of Interest Rates
E44 – Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy
E47 – Money and Interest Rates: Forecasting and Simulation
E49 – Money and Interest Rates: Other
E50 – Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General
E51 – Money Supply; Credit; Money Multipliers
E52 – Monetary Policy
E58 – Central Banks and Their Policies
E59 – Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: Other
E60 – Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook: General
E61 – Policy Objectives; Policy Designs and Consistency; Policy Coordination
E62 – Fiscal Policy
E63 – Comparative or Joint Analysis of Fiscal and Monetary Policy; Stabilization Policy
E64 – Incomes Policy; Price Policy
E65 – Studies of Particular Policy Episodes
E66 – General Outlook and Conditions
E69 – Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook: Other

F – International Economics

F00 – International Economics: General
F01 – Global Outlook
F02 – International Economic Order
F10 – Trade: General
F11 – Neoclassical Models of Trade
F12 – Models of Trade with Imperfect Competition and Scale Economies
F13 – Trade Policy; International Trade Organizations
F14 – Country and Industry Studies of Trade
F15 – Economic Integration
F16 – Trade and Labor Market Interactions
F17 – Trade: Forecasting and Simulation
F18 – Trade and Environment
F19 – Trade: Other
F20 – International Factor Movements and International Business: General
F21 – International Investment; Long-term Capital Movements
F22 – International Migration
F23 – Multinational Firms; International Business
F24 – Remittances
F29 – International Factor Movements: Other
F30 – International Finance: General
F31 – Foreign Exchange
F32 – Current Account Adjustment; Short-term Capital Movements
F33 – International Monetary Arrangements and Institutions
F34 – International Lending and Debt Problems
F35 – Foreign Aid
F36 – Financial Aspects of Economic Integration
F37 – International Finance Forecasting and Simulation
F39 – International Finance: Other
F40 – Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance: General
F41 – Open Economy Macroeconomics
F42 – International Policy Coordination and Transmission
F43 – Economic Growth of Open Economies
F47 – Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance: Forecasting and Simulation
F49 – Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance: Other
F50 – International Relations and International Political Economy: General
F51 – International Conflicts; Negotiations; Sanctions
F52 – National Security; Economic Nationalism
F53 – International Agreements and Observance; International Organizations
F54 – Colonialism; Imperialism; Postcolonialism
F55 – International Institutional Arrangements
F59 – International Relations and International Political Economy: Other

G – Financial Economics

G00 – Financial Economics: General
G01 – Financial Crises
G10 – General Financial Markets: General (includes Measurement and Data)
G11 – Portfolio Choice; Investment Decisions
G12 – Asset Pricing; Trading volume; Bond Interest Rates
G13 – Contingent Pricing; Futures Pricing; option pricing
G14 – Information and Market Efficiency; Event Studies
G15 – International Financial Markets
G17 – Financial Forecasting
G18 – General Financial Markets: Government Policy and Regulation
G19 – General Financial Markets: Other
G20 – Financial Institutions and Services: General
G21 – Banks; Other Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages
G22 – Insurance; Insurance Companies
G23 – Pension Funds; Other Private Financial Institutions; Institutional Investors
G24 – Investment Banking; Venture Capital; Brokerage; Ratings and Ratings Agencies
G28 – Financial Institutions and Services: Government Policy and Regulation
G29 – Financial Institutions and Services: Other
G30 – Corporate Finance and Governance: General
G31 – Capital Budgeting; Fixed Investment and Inventory Studies
G32 – Financing Policy; Financial Risk and Risk Management; Capital and Ownership Structure
G33 – Bankruptcy; Liquidation
G34 – Mergers; Acquisitions; Restructuring; Voting; Proxy Contests; Corporate Governance
G35 – Payout Policy
G38 – Corporate Finance and Governance: Government Policy and Regulation
G39 – Corporate Finance and Governance: Other

H – Public Economics

H00 – Public Economics: General
H10 – Structure and Scope of Government: General
H11 – Structure, Scope, and Performance of Government
H19 – Structure and Scope of Government: Other
H20 – Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General
H21 – Taxation and Subsidies: Efficiency; Optimal Taxation
H22 – Taxation and Subsidies: Incidence
H23 – Taxation and Subsidies: Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies
H24 – Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies; includes inheritance and gift taxes
H25 – Business Taxes and Subsidies including sales and value-added (VAT)
H26 – Tax Evasion
H27 – Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenues: Other Sources of Revenue
H29 – Taxation and Subsidies: Other
H30 – Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents: General
H31 – Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents: Household
H32 – Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents: Firm
H39 – Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents: Other
H40 – Publicly Provided Goods: General
H41 – Public Goods
H42 – Publicly Provided Private Goods
H43 – Project Evaluation; Social Discount Rate
H44 – Publicly Provided Goods: Mixed Markets
H49 – Publicly Provided Goods: Other
H50 – National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General
H51 – National Government Expenditures and Health
H52 – National Government Expenditures and Education
H53 – National Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs
H54 – National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: Infrastructures; Other Public Investment and Capital Stock
H55 – Social Security and Public Pensions
H56 – National Security and War
H57 – National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: Procurement
H59 – National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: Other
H60 – National Budget, Deficit, and Debt: General
H61 – National Budget; Budget Systems
H62 – National Deficit; Surplus
H63 – National Debt; Debt Management
H68 – Forecasts of Budgets, Deficits, and Debt
H69 – National Budget, Deficit, and Debt: Other
H70 – State and Local Government; Intergovernmental Relations: General
H71 – State and Local Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue
H72 – State and Local Budget and Expenditures
H73 – State and Local Government; Intergovernmental Relations: Interjurisdictional Differentials and Their Effects
H74 – State and Local Borrowing
H75 – State and Local Government: Health, Education, and Welfare
H76 – State and Local Government: Other Expenditure Categories
H77 – Intergovernmental Relations; Federalism; Secession
H79 – State and Local Government; Intergovernmental Relations: Other
H80 – Public Economics: Miscellaneous Issues: General
H81 – Governmental Loans, Loan Guarantees, Credits, and Grants
H82 – Governmental Property
H83 – Public Administration; Public Sector Accounting and Audits
H87 – International Fiscal Issues; International Public Goods
H89 – Public Economics: Miscellaneous Issues: Other

I – Health, Education, and Welfare

I00 – Health, Education, and Welfare: General
I10 – Health: General
I11 – Analysis of Health Care Markets
I12 – Health Production
I18 – Health: Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health
I19 – Health: Other
I20 – Education and Research Institutions: General
I21 – Analysis of Education
I22 – Educational Finance
I23 – Higher Education and Research Institutions
I28 – Education: Government Policy
I29 – Education: Other
I30 – Welfare and Poverty: General
I31 – General Welfare
I32 – Measurement and Analysis of Poverty
I38 – Welfare and Poverty: Government Programs; Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs
I39 – Welfare and Poverty: Other

J – Labor and Demographic Economics

J00 – Labor and Demographic Economics: General
J01 – Labor Economics: General
J08 – Labor Economics Policies
J10 – Demographic Economics: General
J11 – Demographic Trends and Forecasts; General Migration
J12 – Marriage; Marital Dissolution; Family Structure; Domestic Abuse
J13 – Fertility; Family Planning; Child Care; Children; Youth
J14 – Economics of the Elderly; Economics of the Handicapped
J15 – Economics of Minorities and Races; Non-labor Discrimination
J16 – Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination
J17 – Value of Life; Forgone Income
J18 – Demographic Economics: Public Policy
J19 – Demographic Economics: Other
J20 – Demand and Suppply of Labor: General
J21 – Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure
J22 – Time Allocation and Labor Supply
J23 – Labor Demand
J24 – Human Capital; Skills; Occupational Choice; Labor Productivity
J26 – Retirement; Retirement Policies
J28 – Safety; Job Satisfaction; Related Public Policy
J29 – Time Allocation, Work Behavior, and Employment Determination: Other
J30 – Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: General
J31 – Wage Level and Structure; Wage Differentials
J32 – Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits; Private Pensions
J33 – Compensation Packages; Payment Methods
J38 – Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: Public Policy
J39 – Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: Other
J40 – Particular Labor Markets: General
J41 – Labor Contracts
J42 – Monopsony; Segmented Labor Markets
J43 – Agricultural Labor Markets
J44 – Professional Labor Markets; Occupational Licensing
J45 – Public Sector Labor Markets
J48 – Particular Labor Markets: Public Policy
J49 – Particular Labor Markets: Other
J50 – Labor-Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining: General
J51 – Trade Unions: Objectives, Structure, and Effects
J52 – Dispute Resolution: Strikes, Arbitration, and Mediation; Collective Bargaining
J53 – Labor-Management Relations; Industrial Jurisprudence
J54 – Producer Cooperatives; Labor Managed Firms; Employee Ownership
J58 – Labor-Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining: Public Policy
J59 – Labor-Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining: Other
J60 – Mobility, Unemployment, and Vacancies: General
J61 – Geographic Labor Mobility; Immigrant Workers
J62 – Job, Occupational, and Intergenerational Mobility; Promotion
J63 – Labor Turnover; Vacancies; Layoffs
J64 – Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search
J65 – Unemployment Insurance; Severance Pay; Plant Closings
J68 – Mobility, Unemployment, and Vacancies: Public Policy
J69 – Mobility, Unemployment, and Vacancies: Other
J70 – Labor Discrimination: General
J71 – Labor Discrimination
J78 – Labor Discrimination: Public Policy
J79 – Labor Discrimination: Other
J80 – Labor Standards: General
J81 – Labor Standards: Working Conditions
J82 – Labor Standards: Labor Force Composition
J83 – Labor Standards: Workers’ Rights
J88 – Labor Standards: Public Policy
J89 – Labor Standards: Other

K – Law and Economics

K00 – Law and Economics: General
K10 – Basic Areas of Law: General (Constitutional Law)
K11 – Property Law
K12 – Contract Law
K13 – Tort Law and Product Liability
K14 – Criminal Law
K19 – Basic Areas of Law: Other
K20 – Regulation and Business Law: General
K21 – Antitrust Law
K22 – Corporation and Securities Law
K23 – Regulated Industries and Administrative Law
K29 – Regulation and Business Law: Other
K30 – Other Substantive Areas of Law: General
K31 – Labor Law
K32 – Environmental, Health, and Safety Law
K33 – International Law
K34 – Tax Law
K35 – Personal Bankruptcy Law
K36 – Family and Personal Law
K39 – Other Substantive Areas of Law: Other
K40 – Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior: General
K41 – Litigation Process
K42 – Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law
K49 – Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior: Other

L – Industrial Organization

L00 – Industrial Organization: General
L10 – Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance: General
L11 – Production, Pricing, and Market Structure; Size Distribution of Firms
L12 – Monopoly; Monopolization Strategies
L13 – Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets
L14 – Transactional Relationships; Contracts and Reputation; Networks
L15 – Information and Product Quality; Standardization and Compatibility
L16 – Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics: Industrial Structure and Structural Change; Industrial Price Indices
L17 – Open Source Products and Markets
L19 – Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance: Other
L20 – Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior: General
L21 – Business Objectives of the Firm
L22 – Firm Organization and Market Structure
L23 – Organization of Production
L24 – Contracting Out; Joint Ventures; Technology Licensing
L25 – Firm Performance: Size, Diversification, and Scope
L26 – Entrepreneurship
L29 – Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior: Other
L30 – Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise: General
L31 – Nonprofit Institutions; NGOs
L32 – Public Enterprises
L33 – Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises; Privatization; Contracting Out
L38 – Public Policy
L39 – Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise: Other
L40 – Antitrust Issues and Policies: General
L41 – Monopolization; Horizontal Anticompetitive Practices
L42 – Vertical Restraints; Resale Price Maintenance; Quantity Discounts
L43 – Legal Monopolies and Regulation or Deregulation
L44 – Antitrust Policy and Public Enterprises, Nonprofit Institutions, and Professional Organizations
L49 – Antitrust Policy: Other
L50 – Regulation and Industrial Policy: General
L51 – Economics of Regulation
L52 – Industrial Policy; Sectoral Planning Methods
L53 – Enterprise Policy
L59 – Regulation and Industrial Policy: Other
L60 – Industry Studies: Manufacturing: General
L61 – Metals and Metal Products; Cement; Glass; Ceramics
L62 – Automobiles; Other Transportation Equipment
L63 – Microelectronics; Computers; Communications Equipment
L64 – Other Machinery; Business Equipment; Armaments
L65 – Chemicals; Rubber; Drugs; Biotechnology
L66 – Food; Beverages; Cosmetics; Tobacco; Wine and Spirits
L67 – Other Consumer Nondurables
L68 – Appliances; Other Consumer Durables
L69 – Industry Studies: Manufacturing: Other
L70 – Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction: General
L71 – Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Hydrocarbon Fuels
L72 – Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Other Nonrenewable Resources
L73 – Forest Products
L74 – Construction
L78 – Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction: Government Policy
L79 – Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction: Other
L80 – Industry Studies: Services: General
L81 – Retail and Wholesale Trade; e-Commerce
L82 – Entertainment; Media
L83 – Sports; Gambling; Recreation; Tourism
L84 – Personal, Professional, and Business Services
L85 – Real Estate Services
L86 – Information and Internet Services; Computer Software
L87 – Postal and Delivery Services
L88 – Industry Studies: Services: Government Policy
L89 – Industry Studies: Services: Other
L90 – Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities: General
L91 – Transportation: General
L92 – Railroads and Other Surface Transportation
L93 – Air Transportation
L94 – Electric Utilities
L95 – Gas Utilities; Pipelines; Water Utilities
L96 – Telecommunications
L97 – Utilities: General
L98 – Industry Studies: Utilities and Transportation: Government Policy
L99 – Industry Studies: Utilities and Transportation: Other

M – Business Administration and Business Economics • Marketing • Accounting

M00 – Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting: General
M10 – Business Administration: General
M11 – Production Management
M12 – Personnel Management; executive compensation
M13 – New Firms; Startups
M14 – Corporate Culture; Social Responsibility
M15 – IT Management
M16 – International Business Administration
M19 – Business Administration: Other
M20 – Business Economics: General
M21 – Business Economics
M29 – Business Economics: Other
M30 – Marketing and Advertising: General
M31 – Marketing
M37 – Advertising
M38 – Marketing and Advertising: Government Policy and Regulation
M39 – Marketing and Advertising: Other
M40 – Accounting and Auditing: General
M41 – Accounting
M42 – Auditing
M48 – Accounting and Auditing: Government Policy and Regulation
M49 – Accounting: Other
M50 – Personnel Economics: General
M51 – Personnel Economics: Firm Employment Decisions; Promotions
M52 – Personnel Economics: Compensation and Compensation Methods and Their Effects
M53 – Personnel Economics: Training
M54 – Personnel Economics: Labor Management
M55 – Personnel Economics: Labor Contracting Devices
M59 – Personnel Economics: Other

N – Economic History

N00 – Economic History: General
N01 – Development of the Discipline: Historiographical; Sources and Methods
N10 – Economic History: Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics; Growth and Fluctuations: General, International, or Comparative
N11 – Economic History: Macroeconomics; Growth and Fluctuations: U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
N12 – Economic History: Macroeconomics; Growth and Fluctuations: U.S.; Canada: 1913-
N13 – Economic History: Macroeconomics; Growth and Fluctuations: Europe: Pre-1913
N14 – Economic History: Macroeconomics; Growth and Fluctuations: Europe: 1913-
N15 – Economic History: Macroeconomics; Growth and Fluctuations: Asia including Middle East
N16 – Economic History: Macroeconomics; Growth and Fluctuations: Latin America; Caribbean
N17 – Economic History: Macroeconomics; Growth and Fluctuations: Africa; Oceania
N20 – Economic History: Financial Markets and Institutions: General, International, or Comparative
N21 – Economic History: Financial Markets and Institutions: U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
N22 – Economic History: Financial Markets and Institutions: U.S.; Canada: 1913-
N23 – Economic History: Financial Markets and Institutions: Europe: Pre-1913
N24 – Economic History: Financial Markets and Institutions: Europe: 1913-
N25 – Economic History: Financial Markets and Institutions: Asia including Middle East
N26 – Economic History: Financial Markets and Institutions: Latin America; Caribbean
N27 – Economic History: Financial Markets and Institutions: Africa; Oceania
N30 – Economic History: Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Welfare, Income, Wealth, and Religion: General, International, or Comparative
N31 – Economic History: Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Welfare, Income, Wealth, and Religion: U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
N32 – Economic History: Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Welfare, Income, Wealth, and Religion: U.S.; Canada: 1913-
N33 – Economic History: Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Welfare, Income, Wealth, and Religion: Europe: Pre-1913
N34 – Economic History: Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Welfare, Income, Wealth, and Religion: Europe: 1913-
N35 – Economic History: Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Welfare, Income, Wealth, and Religion: Asia including Middle East
N36 – Economic History: Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Welfare, Income, Wealth, and Religion: Latin America; Caribbean
N37 – Economic History: Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Welfare, Income, Wealth, and Religion: Africa; Oceania
N40 – Economic History: Government, War, Law, and Regulation: General, International, or Comparative
N41 – Economic History: Government, War, Law, and Regulation: U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
N42 – Economic History: Government, War, Law, and Regulation: U.S.; Canada: 1913-
N43 – Economic History: Government, War, Law, and Regulation: Europe: Pre-1913
N44 – Economic History: Government, War, Law, and Regulation: Europe: 1913-
N45 – Economic History: Government, War, Law, and Regulation: Asia including Middle East
N46 – Economic History: Government, War, Law, and Regulation: Latin America; Caribbean
N47 – Economic History: Government, War, Law, and Regulation: Africa; Oceania
N50 – Economic History: Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries: General, International, or Comparative
N51 – Economic History: Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries: U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
N52 – Economic History: Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries: U.S.; Canada: 1913-
N53 – Economic History: Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries: Europe: Pre-1913
N54 – Economic History: Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries: Europe: 1913-
N55 – Economic History: Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries: Asia including Middle East
N56 – Economic History: Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries: Latin America; Caribbean
N57 – Economic History: Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries: Africa; Oceania
N60 – Economic History: Manufacturing and Construction: General, International, or Comparative
N61 – Economic History: Manufacturing and Construction: U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
N62 – Economic History: Manufacturing and Construction: U.S.; Canada: 1913-
N63 – Economic History: Manufacturing and Construction: Europe: Pre-1913
N64 – Economic History: Manufacturing and Construction: Europe: 1913-
N65 – Economic History: Manufacturing and Construction: Asia including Middle East
N66 – Economic History: Manufacturing and Construction: Latin America; Caribbean
N67 – Economic History: Manufacturing and Construction: Africa; Oceania
N70 – Economic History: Transport, International and Domestic Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services: General, International, or Comparative
N71 – Economic History: Transport, Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services: U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
N72 – Economic History: Transport, Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services: U.S.; Canada: 1913-
N73 – Economic History: Transport, Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services: Europe: Pre-1913
N70 – Economic History: Transport, Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services: Europe: 1913-
N75 – Economic History: Transport, Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services: Asia including Middle East
N76 – Economic History: Transport, Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services: Latin America; Caribbean
N77 – Economic History: Transport, Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services: Africa; Oceania
N80 – Micro-Business History: General, International, or Comparative
N81 – Micro-Business History: U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
N82 – Micro-Business History: U.S.; Canada: 1913-
N83 – Micro-Business History: Europe: Pre-1913
N84 – Micro-Business History: Europe: 1913-
N85 – Micro-Business History: Asia including Middle East
N86 – Micro-Business History: Latin America; Caribbean
N87 – Micro-Business History: Africa; Oceania
N90 – Regional and Urban History: General
N91 – Regional and Urban History: U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
N92 – Regional and Urban History: U.S.; Canada: 1913-
N93 – Regional and Urban History: Europe: Pre-1913
N94 – Regional and Urban History: Europe: 1913-
N95 – Regional and Urban History: Asia including Middle East
N96 – Regional and Urban History: Latin America; Caribbean
N97 – Regional and Urban History: Africa; Oceania

O – Economic Development, Technological Change, and Growth

O10 – Economic Development: General
O11 – Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development
O12 – Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development
O13 – Economic Development: Agriculture; Natural Resources; Energy; Environment; Other Primary Products
O14 – Industrialization; Manufacturing and Service Industries; Choice of Technology
O15 – Economic Development: Human Resources; Human Development; Income Distribution; Migration
O16 – Economic Development: Financial Markets; Saving and Capital Investment; Corporate Finance and Governance
O17 – Formal and Informal Sectors; Shadow Economy; Institutional Arrangements
O18 – Economic Development: Regional, Urban, and Rural Analyses
O19 – International Linkages to Development; Role of International Organizations
O20 – Development Planning and Policy: General
O21 – Planning Models; Planning Policy
O22 – Project Analysis
O23 – Fiscal and Monetary Policy in Development
O24 – Development Planning and Policy: Trade Policy; Factor Movement; Foreign Exchange Policy
O25 – Industrial Policy
O29 – Development Planning and Policy: Other
O30 – Technological Change; Research and Development: General
O31 – Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives
O32 – Management of Technological Innovation and R&D
O33 – Technological Change: Choices and Consequences; Diffusion Processes
O34 – Intellectual Property Rights
O38 – Technological Change: Government Policy
O39 – Technological Change: Other
O40 – Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity: General
O41 – One, Two, and Multisector Growth Models
O42 – Monetary Growth Models
O43 – Institutions and Growth
O47 – Measurement of Economic Growth; Aggregate Productivity; Cross-Country Output Convergence
O49 – Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity: Other
O50 – Economywide Country Studies: General
O51 – Economywide Country Studies: U.S.; Canada
O52 – Economywide Country Studies: Europe
O53 – Economywide Country Studies: Asia including Middle East
O54 – Economywide Country Studies: Latin America; Caribbean
O55 – Economywide Country Studies: Africa
O56 – Economywide Country Studies: Oceania
O57 – Comparative Studies of Countries

P – Economic Systems

P00 – Economic Systems: General
P10 – Capitalist Systems: General
P11 – Capitalist Systems: Planning, Coordination, and Reform
P12 – Capitalist Enterprises
P13 – Cooperative Enterprises
P14 – Capitalist Systems: Property Rights
P16 – Capitalist Systems: Political Economy
P17 – Capitalist Systems: Performance and Prospects
P19 – Capitalist Systems: Other
P20 – Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: General
P21 – Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: Planning, Coordination, and Reform
P22 – Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: Prices
P23 – Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: Factor and Product Markets; Industry Studies; Population
P240 – Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: National Income, Product, and Expenditure; Money; Inflation
P250 – Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics
P26 – Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: Political Economy; Property Rights
P27 – Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: Performance and Prospects
P28 – Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: Natural Resources; Energy; Environment
P29 – Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: Other
P30 – Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions: General
P31 – Socialist Enterprises and Their Transitions
P32 – Collectives; Communes; Agriculture
P33 – Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions: International Trade, Finance, Investment, and Aid
P34 – Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions: Financial Economics
P35 – Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions: Public Economics
P36 – Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions: Consumer Economics; Health, Education and Training, Welfare, and Poverty
P37 – Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: Legal Institutions; Illegal Behavior
P39 – Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions: Other
P40 – Other Economic Systems: General
P41 – Other Economic Systems: Planning, Coordination, and Reform
P42 – Other Economic Systems: Productive Enterprises; Factor and Product Markets; Prices; Population
P43 – Other Economic Systems: Public Economics; Financial Economics
P44 – Other Economic Systems: National Income, Product, and Expenditure; Money; Inflation
P45 – Other Economic Systems: International Trade, Finance, Investment and Aid
P46 – Other Economic Systems: Consumer Economics; Welfare and Poverty
P47 – Other Economic Systems: Performance and Prospects
P48 – Other Economic Systems: Political Economy; Legal Institutions; Property Rights
P49 – Other Economic Systems: Other
P50 – Comparative Economic Systems: General
P51 – Comparative Analysis of Economic Systems
P52 – Comparative Studies of Particular Economies
P59 – Comparative Economic Systems: Other

Q – Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics • Environmental and Ecological Economics

Q000 – Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics: General
Q01 – Sustainable Development
Q10 – Agriculture: General
Q11 – Agriculture: Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis; Prices
Q12 – Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets
Q13 – Agricultural Markets and Marketing; Cooperatives; Agribusiness
Q14 – Agricultural Finance
Q15 – Land Ownership and Tenure; Land Reform; Land Use; Irrigation
Q16 – Agricultural R&D; Agricultural Technology; Agricultural Extension Services
Q17 – Agriculture in International Trade
Q18 – Agricultural Policy; Food Policy
Q19 – Agriculture: Other
Q20 – Renewable Resources and Conservation: General
Q21 – Renewable Resources and Conservation: Demand and Supply (the Commons)
Q22 – Renewable Resources and Conservation: Fishery; Aquaculture
Q23 – Renewable Resources and Conservation: Forestry
Q24 – Renewable Resources and Conservation: Land
Q25 – Renewable Resources and Conservation: Water
Q26 – Recreational Aspects of Natural Resources
Q27 – Renewable Resources and Conservation: Issues in International Trade
Q28 – Renewable Resources and Conservation: Government Policy
Q29 – Renewable Resources and Conservation: Other
Q30 – Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation: General
Q31 – Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation: Demand and Supply
Q32 – Exhaustible Resources and Economic Development
Q33 – Resource Booms
Q34 – Natural Resources and Domestic and International Conflicts
Q38 – Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation: Government Policy
Q39 – Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation: Other
Q40 – Energy: General
Q41 – Energy: Demand and Supply
Q42 – Alternative Energy Sources
Q43 – Energy and the Macroeconomy
Q47 – Energy Forecasting
Q48 – Energy: Government Policy
Q49 – Energy: Other
Q50 – Environmental Economics: General
Q51 – Valuation of Environmental Effects
Q52 – Pollution Control Adoption Costs; Distributional Effects; Employment Effects
Q53 – Air Pollution; Water Pollution; Noise; Hazardous Waste; Solid Waste; Recycling
Q54 – Climate; Natural Disasters; Global Warming
Q55 – Environmental Economics: Technological Innovation
Q56 – Environment and Development; Environment and Trade; Sustainability; Environmental Accounting; Environmental Equity; Population Growth
Q57 – Ecological Economics: Ecosystem Services; Biodiversity Conservation; Industrial Ecology
Q58 – Environmental Economics: Government Policy
Q59 – Environmental Economics: Other

R – Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics

R00 – Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics: General
R10 – General Regional Economics (includes Regional Data)
R11 – Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes
R12 – Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity
R13 – General Equilibrium and Welfare Economic Analysis of Regional Economies
R14 – Land Use Patterns
R15 – General Regional Economics: Econometric and Input-Output Models; Other Models
R19 – General Regional Economics: Other
R20 – Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics: Household Analysis: General
R21 – Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics: Housing Demand
R22 – Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics: Other Demand
R23 – Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics: Regional Migration; Regional Labor Markets; Population; Neighborhood Characteristics
R28 – Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics: Government Policy
R29 – Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics: Household Analysis: Other
R30 – Production Analysis and Firm Location: General
R31 – Housing Supply and Markets
R32 – Other Production and Pricing Analysis
R33 – Nonagricultural and Nonresidential Real Estate Markets
R34 – Production Analysis and Firm Location: Input Demand Analysis
R38 – Production Analysis and Firm Location: Government Policies; Regulatory Policies
R39 – Production Analysis and Firm Location: Other
R40 – Transportation Systems: General
R41 – Transportation: Demand, Supply, and Congestion; Safety and Accidents; Transportation Noise
R42 – Transportation Systems: Government and Private Investment Analysis; Transportation Planning
R48 – Transportation Systems: Government Pricing; Regulatory Policies
R49 – Transportation Systems: Other
R50 – Regional Government Analysis: General
R51 – Finance in Urban and Rural Economies
R52 – Regional Government Analysis: Land Use and Other Regulations
R53 – Public Facility Location Analysis; Public Investment and Capital Stock
R58 – Regional Development Policy
R59 – Regional Government Analysis: Other

Y – Miscellaneous Categories

Y10 – Data: Tables and Charts
Y20 – Introductory Material
Y30 – Book Reviews (unclassified)
Y40 – Dissertations (unclassified)
Y50 – Further Reading (unclassified)
Y60 – Excerpt
Y80 – Related Disciplines
Y90 – Miscellaneous Categories: Other

Z – Other Special Topics

Z00 – Other Special Topics: General
Z10 – Cultural Economics; Economic Sociology; Economic Anthropology: General
Z11 – Cultural Economics: Economics of the Arts and Literature
Z12 – Cultural Economics: Religion
Z13 – Economic Sociology; Economic Anthropology
Z19 – Cultural Economics: Other